Methods Of Making Vaccines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1216 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Topics: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Since 1796 when Edward Jenner invented the first ever vaccine (for smallpox), vaccines have continued to progress and become more advanced throughout the years. When Jenner invented his vaccine he used the arm-to-arm inoculations, which means he would take material from a blister from somebody who was infected with cowpox and then inject it into another persons skin. Although nowadays the process of making vaccines is more complicated and has a better chance at working (P.A., 2014) We have many methods of making vaccines, sometimes we inactivate (kill) the disease/virus with a chemical. By killing the virus, it cannot reproduce itself or cause the disease. Vaccines for polio, hepatitis A, and influenza are made this way. Since the virus is still seen by the bodys cells, the immune systems cells are generated to protect us against the disease. However, the limitation of this process is that it typically requires many doses to achieve immunity. Another way we make vaccines is by using a part of the virus. Using this strategy you remove one part of the virus and then use it as a vaccine. The hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are made this way. The vaccine is made of a protein that is on the surface of the virus (P.A., 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Methods Of Making Vaccines" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Slowly but surely diseases are becoming rare due to vaccinations. Of course, they are becoming rare because we have been vaccinating against them for so long. With one disease, smallpox, we stopped the leak in the ship by stopping the disease. Vaccines protect you and others around you (Vaccines Immunizations, 2018). If your vaccinated immune system stops an illness before it starts, you will be contagious for only a short amount of time, or not at all. Similarly, when other people are vaccinated, they are less likely to give you the disease. Vaccines protect individuals, and entire communities. If a large amount of people within a community top vaccinating diseases can reappear. For example, in 1989, low vaccination rates allowed a measles outbreak to happen in the United States. This outbreak caused more than 55,000 cases of measles and 136 deaths (Vaccine Benefits, 2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a wide variety of vaccine complications, which have been found and acknowledged in the medical literature and the Institute of Medicine (IOM), National Academy of sciences. Including Brain Inflammation, Anaphylaxis (acute allergic reaction), Guillain Barre Syndrome (respiratory infection), Thrombocytopenia (platelet deficiency in the blood), etc. all of these after effects after having a vaccine shot has caused people to have a state of mind thatvaccines are dangerous and should not be trusted. Vaccines may provide temporary immunity but sometimes to fails to provide others with even short term protection (Vaccinations, n.d.). With some people not getting their vaccines we still face the issue of potentially being exposed to harmful diseases. Its understandable that some new parents get overwhelmed with how many shots their infants must undergo, and the schedule for which children need to get their vaccines is much, but all of it is for the betterment of our worlds future. There are some reasonable reasons as to why you cannot get a vaccine; Being either for a religious reason, personal beliefs, safety concerns, or the desire to know more information before you decide to get the shot. While doctors may take an oath to help anybody who is ill, they still need to be concerned for everybody else in their department, both patients and colleagues. Doctors face this struggle the most when it comes to an outbreak of an eradicated disease. For example, in December 2014 there was a resurgence of measles that was traced in Disneyland. This resulted in over 147 people in the U.S. and 159 people in Quebec, Canada to become extremely sick. Whilst the disease was said to be done in April 2016, the surge of cases was most likely due to not being vaccinated against measles. This outbreak and another that occured in Palatine, Illinois, caused Doctors to revisit their family accommodations and decide to only treat the families who have a sufficient amount of vaccinations, according to The Chicago Tribune (..Need to Know about Immunizations 2017) Its a known fact that nowadays you must be vaccinated before going to school. It being made law in 1850s in Massachusetts, at the time there was an outbreak of measles and they decided that to protect the public health they will make law stating that the child must have a measles vaccine or they cannot attend school. By the beginning of the twentieth century, more than half of the states required you to be immunized before being able to go to school. By 1963, 20 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia had such laws. It took a lot of effort to eradicate measles, a big problem being that most of the transmissions were happening between children at their school. In the early 1970s, states that had a law regarding vaccines had a much lower rate of which people were getting infected 40% 51%) than the ones who didnt have any laws about vaccines (Malone and Hinman, n.d.) There are also religious beliefs about vaccines. The common perception of religion and vaccines is that they believe that vaccines are bad and will stop their connection to god. In reality, many religions believe in vaccines and believe that they are a fundamental part of our society. For example, Hinduism, Hindus advocate for a respect for life, and thus support the advancement in technology that allows people to live longer and healthier. None of the four major sections of Hinduism have ever stated a concern regarding vaccines. Even though Hindus venerate cows, meaning they do not eat beef, they still do not oppose vaccines that have beenmanufactured from bovine components (Cow components are often used simply because cows are very large animals, thus having a lot of material to use). Another example are the Christian Scientists, fundamentally they believe that diseases are not real, and can be healed with focused prayer. Ironically, Christian Scientists do not have any rules again st vaccines, but it is still recommended that you pray to rid of all the bad components that are in the vaccine. Though their medical practitioners lack knowledge of the many vaccines used to prevent diseases, meaning that a disease could very easily spread through one of their communities. Whenever that may happen, the church accepts vaccinations. An example of a religion that does not condone vaccines is the Dutch Reformed Church. The members of this church have been refusing vaccines since the early years of vaccines (late 1700s and early 1800s). A big reason as to why for their refusal for vaccines was because of the observed adverse events with the vaccines of the era, today it has evolved into a formal belief that it will interfere with their relationship with god. Due to this refusal, it has caused many problems in the community. From paralytic poliomyelitis (A virus that may cause paralysis and is easily preventable by the polio vaccine), to mump outbreaks. In 2013, there was a very bad measles outbreak that hit a Dutch Reformed community in the Netherlands. In the end there was over 1, 126 reported cases, of those 1,126 cases, 176 (14.4%) had complications including encephalitis (1 case), pneumonia (90 cases), otitis media (66 cases), and 82 (6.7%) were admitted to the hospital (What religions actually.., January 17).

Assael’s Matrix - 1047 Words

Assael’s Matrix Assael distinguished four types of consumer buying behaviour based on the degree of buyer involvement and the degree of differences among brands. The four types are named in the following table and described in the following paragraphs. TABLE 20: Four types of buying behaviour: |Level of Significances Between |High Involvement |Low Involvement | |Brands | | | |Significant |Complex Buying Behaviour |Variety-seeking Buying Behaviour†¦show more content†¦Consumers do not form a strong attitude towards a brand but select it because it is familiar. After purchase, they may not even evaluate the choice because they are not highly involved with the product. So the buying process is brand beliefs formed by passive learning, followed by purchase behaviour, which may be followed by evaluation. Marketers of low-involvement products with few brand differences find it effective to use price and sales promotions to stimulate product trial, since buyers are not highly committed to any brand. In advertising a low-involvement product, a number of things should be observed. The ad copy should stress only a few key points Visual symbols and Imagery are important because they can easily be remembered and associated with the brand. The ad campaigns should go for high repetition with short-duration messages. Television is more effective than print media because it is a low-involvement medium that is suitable for passive learning. Advertising planning should be based on classical conditioning theory where the buyer learns to identify a certain product by a symbol that is repeatedly attached to it. Marketers can try to convert the low-involvement product into one of higher involvement. The ways are: ââ€" ª This can be accomplished by linking the product to some involving issue, as when Crest toothpaste is linked to avoiding cavities. ââ€" ª The product can be linked to some involving personal situation, forShow MoreRelatedApple Project - Paper17538 Words   |  71 Pagesare the facts behind Apple’s success? | To form an overview of the company. | Facts and the history of the company | Researches and assessments | What strategies is apple following | To find out what gives the company the competitive edge | Ansoff Matrix | Researches and assessments | Which Macro-environmental factors can have an influence on Apple? | To find out the conditions thecompany must operate on. | PEST analysis | Making different analysis to look through the environment from political

Business Research Method †Banking Questionaire Free Essays

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE AN ANALYSIS OF HOW BUSINESS CAN USE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: THE CASE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ZIMBABWE. SECTION A: RESPONDENT AND BANK PROFILES a) Respondent’s Profile Position in the organisation Please tick where applicable |Clerical | | |Supervisory | | |Managerial | | |Executive | | Length of Service with the Institution Please tick where applicable |1 – 5 years | | |6 – 10 years | | |11 – 16 years | | |16 – 20 years | | |More than 20 years | | |Highest Qualification | |Please tick where applicable | |Certificate | | |Diploma | | Degree | | |Postgraduate | | |PhD | | How long have you been exposed to use of computers? Please tick where applicable |1 – 5 Years | | |6 – 10 Years | | |11 – 15 Years | | |16 – 20 Years | | |More than 20 Years | | ) Bank Profile Bank Name________________________________________ Number of Branches_____________________________________ |Number of Employees | | |Please tick where applicable | | |1 – 100 | | |101 – 200 | | |201 – 300 | | |301 – 400 | | |More than 400 | | Clientele Base (i) Corporate Clients Please tick where applicable |1 – 500 | | |501 – 1 000 | | |1 001 – 1 500 | | |1 501 – 2 000 | | |More than 2 000 | | (ii)Individual Clients Please tick where applicable 1 – 10 000 | | |10 001 – 20 000 | | |20 001 – 30 000 | | |30 001 – 40 000 | | |More than 40 000 | | SECTION B: LEVEL OF AUTOMATION IN THE BANK (a)IT Systems i) Core Banking System |Type of Core Banking System | |Please tick where applicable | | |Globus | | |Equation | | |Bank Master | | |Equinox | | |Flexicube | | |Other (Specify) | | |__________________________________________ | | Year Core Banking System was Introduced †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (ii) Enterprise Resource Planning System Please tick modules used | | |Finance | | |Human resources | | |Inventory management | | |Customer relationship management | | |Business intelligence | | |Other (specify) | | |______________________________________ ____ | | (b)Delivery Channels i) Teller Transactions |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 50 000 | | |50 001 – 100 000 | | |100 001 – 150 000 | | |150 001 – 200 000 | | |More than 200 000 | | ii) Electronic Transactions a) Use of Credit or Debit Cards |YES |NO | |ATMs (Please tick where applicable) | | | |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 5 000 | | |5 001 – 10 000 | | |10 001 – 15 000 | | |15 001 – 20 000 | | |More than 20 000 | | |YES |NO | |Internet banking (Please tick where applicable) | | | |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 5 000 | | |5 001 – 10 000 | | |10 001 – 15 000 | | |15 001 – 20 000 | | |More than 20 000 | | |YES |NO | |Point of Sale (Please tick where applicable) | | | |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 5 000 | | |5 001 – 10 000 | | |10 001 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 15 000 | | |15 001 – 20 000 | | |More than 20 000 | | b) Electronic Funds Transfer |YES |NO | |Internal Transfers | | | |Please tick where applicable | | | |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 10 000 | | |10 001 – 20 000 | | |20 001 – 30 000 | | |30 001 – 40 000 | | |More than 40 000 | | |YES |NO | |Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) (Please tick| | | |where applicable) | | | |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 5 000 | | |5 001 – 10 000 | | |10 001 – 15 000 | | |15 001 – 20 000 | | |More than 20 000 | | |YES |NO | |Society for Worldwide Interbank | | | |Funds Transfer (SWIFT) | | | |(Please tick where applicable) | | | |Transactions per month | | |Please tick where applicable | | |0 – 5 000 | | |5 001 – 10 000 | | |10 001 – 15 000 | | |15 001 – 20 000 | | |More than 20 000 | | SECTION C : BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES a) BENEFITS Please tick where applicable. | |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | | | |Strongly Agree |Agree |Indifferent |Disagree |Strongly | | | | | | | |Disagree | |1 |Profitability | | | | | | |2 |Increase in market share | | | | | | |3 |Increase in revenue | | | | | | |4 |Reduction in labour costs | | | | | | |5 |Reduction in transaction costs | | | | | | |6 |Improved risk management | | | | | | |7 |Speed in service delivery | | | | | | |8 | Increase in Customer satisfaction | | | | | | b) CHALLENGES Please tick where applicable. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Research Method – Banking Questionaire or any similar topic only for you Order Now | |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | | | |Very High |High |Moderate |Low |Very Low | |1 |Operating costs | | | | | | |2 |Transaction turnaround time | | | | | | |3 |Risks | | | | | | SECTION D: COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE BROUGHT ABOUT BY I. T. IN BANKING Please tick where applicable. | |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 | | |IT helps in: |Strongly Agree |Agree |Indifferent |Disagree |Strongly | | | | | | | |Disagree | |1 |Lowering costs | | | | | | |2 |Product differentiation | | | | | | |3 |Innovation | | | | | | |4 |Promoting growth (e. g. evenue) | | | | | | |5 |Developing business partners | | | | | | |6 |Locking in customers and suppliers | | | | | | |7 |Creating switching costs | | | | | | |8 |Raising barriers to entry | | | | | | 9 |Customer Relationship Management | | | | | | |10 |Re-engineering business processes | | | | | | |11 |Quality control | | | | | | Thank you very much for taking your time to complete this questionnaire. The information you have provided will be treated in strict confidentiality. NB: Company details will not be included in the report. Fictitious names will be used. How to cite Business Research Method – Banking Questionaire, Essays

The Influence of Reality Television on Society free essay sample

Growth Over the past 50 years, reality television has become more than a phenomenon; it is now one of America’s primary sources of entertainment. Due to its popularity and inexpensive production value, studios have a deep desire to maintain and create new reality shows. The fact that shows are coming back and becoming reliable staples year round, David F. Poltrack said, â€Å"increases what was already an economic advantage. In 2001, reality shows of all kinds accounted for 20 percent of TV’s prime-time schedule and today they account for about 40 percent. They were also a key factor in Americans’ migration from network television to cable, where 90 percent of reality TV is seen. Not only has society because obsessed with the diverse themes of these shows, but completely invested in these â€Å"real† people. â€Å"The absolute volume of reality entertainment has fueled a demand for untrained talent that simply didn’t exist 10 years ago,† sai d Aaron Barnhart of the Kansas City Star. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Reality Television on Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That’s your neighbor on an episode of MTV’s True Life; that’s a local bar-band singer winning American Idol; that’s your landlord getting fired by Donald Trump on The Apprentice. † The obsession of reality television has severely influenced our society, culture, and individual growth as human beings because it is portraying reality in false and mindless light. When people want to relax or have some personal time to spare, they looking to television to fulfill their need of entertainment. This time of relaxation occurs more frequently in the summer time: the prime season of all reality television. Reality shows continue to dominate ratings every summer, especially among viewers whom the majority of networks consider most valuable, those 18 to 49. On broadcast television, 15 of the top 20 highest-rated programs among that younger adult group were reality or unscripted shows. Believe it or not, the highest rated reality show of the summer of 2010 was MTV’s Jersey Shore. Jersey Shore has sexual hook-ups, cultural caricatures, nasty language and bursts of physical violence which appeals to the younger demographic average age of 23. 5. None of the issues and people surrounding the show is likeable, but people continue to watch because they are making fools out of themselves. That is â€Å"entertainment†? What viewers say they want and what they really watch are not the same. â€Å"It’s clear people have their favorite summer pastime reality shows, and they’re watching them,† said David F. Poltrack, the chief research officer for CBS. A 3-year panel named Temptation Island, The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire : A Prospective Cohort Study on the Role of Romantically Themed Reality Television in Adolescents Sexual Development study 498 young people by exploring the reasons for and effects of viewing romantically themed reality television (RTRT). Watching RTRT was predicted by television addiction and viewing frequencies, but not by connectedness to others and viewing motives. â€Å"Viewing RTRT, in actuality, predicted communication with peers about sex among girls, and higher estimations of peers’ sexual activities among boys one year later. On the other hand, viewing RTRT did not predict a cliched romantic outlook on relationships. There was a discussion and need to investigate the longitudinal relationships between television viewing and adolescents’ sexuality, with individual attention toward the surfacing of gender differences in these relationships. With the unrelenting popularity of reality televisio n among young viewers, it is essential to identify pre-teen and teen audiences who not only watch a reality program but have a high level of connectedness to it. Connectedness expands further than just viewing the program and involves further engagement—posting on social networking sites, for instance, or buying products placed on the show. † The author of The Appeal of Reality Television For Teen and Pre-Teen Audiences account for a study that included a national Harris Online survey of 1,098 preteens and teens in the United States to identify psycho-demographic groups that are likely to have high connectedness to reality programming. The findings helped network programmers and advertisers to make more effectual decisions related to preparation, media buying, product placements, and social-networking approaches. â€Å"By identifying the psycho-demographics of the viewers who are connected to The Apprentice, marketers can use the information to target the board game to consumers more effectively. † Overall the findings indicated that teens and pre-teens are more attracted to food, beauty supplies, and deodorant commercials (men amp; women). Media reporters have habitually argued that the increasing popularity of reality programs stems from the show’s ability to provide accommodation for television viewers’ voyeuristic needs. On the other hand, present writing provides contradictory evidence regarding the relationship between voyeurism and consumption of reality programs. The article titled Mediated Voyeurism and the Guilty Pleasure of Consuming Reality Television shows that voyeurism and social comparison tendency were positively connected with consumption of reality programming. After controlling for viewer demographics and hours of television screening, observation analyses in this article suggests that a positive relationship exists between voyeurism and consumption of reality programming, while social comparison tendency is no longer extensively related to reality programming consumption. â€Å"Additionally, bootstrap analysis indicates that the relationship between voyeurism and consumption of reality programs is mediated by a tendency to engage in voyeuristic uses of television. In contrast to the use of reality programming, studies point to that trait voyeurism is negatively associated to the consumption of fictional (script) programming. Nevertheless, social comparison and voyeuristic uses of television were found to be positively related to script programming use. Throughout my research, I noticed two consistent themes: the younger demographic and consumption of reality television. I sincerely agree that these two go hand in hand with the popularity of reality television, but I wish that the demographic wasn’t so young. This generation has the ability to beat this norm. In a recent poll by TiVo, television viewers said they were growing tired of reality shows, with 40 percent calling reality the most overdone genre of programming. But in the only poll that counts — the ratings — viewers also had an overwhelming favorite for the summer season of reality TV. Perhaps if people actually watched what they wanted, reality television would not be blown so far out of proportion. Works Cited Baruh, L. (2010). Mediated Voyeurism and the Guilty Pleasure of Consuming Reality Television. Media Psychology,  13(3), 201-221. doi:10. 1080/15213269. 2010. 502871 Patino, A.